Search and Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence
What is Search?
Definition
Search is the process of finding the best or correct solution from multiple possible solutions.
Simple Examples
- Finding a file on your laptop
- Finding the shortest route in Google Maps
- Searching a contact on your phone
- AI finding the best chess move
Real-Life Example
Suppose you lost your keys.
You search
- Bedroom
- Hall
- Kitchen
- Car
until you find them.
This is called Search.
2. What is Artificial Intelligence Search?
In AI,
Search means
Finding the best possible solution by exploring different states.
Examples
- Robot path planning
- Google Maps
- Chess
- Sudoku
- Medical Diagnosis
- Hotel Recommendation
3. Components of Search Problem
Every search problem has five components.
| Component | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Initial State | Starting point | Pune |
| Goal State | Destination | Mumbai |
| Actions | Possible moves | Left, Right, Straight |
| State Space | All possible paths | All roads between Pune and Mumbai |
| Path Cost | Cost of travelling | Distance or Time |
Example
Google Maps
Start Pune ↓ Possible Roads ↓ Mumbai Goal
4. State Space
Definition
State Space is the collection of all possible states from start to goal.
Example
Pune / \ Nashik Satara / \ | Mumbai Goa Kolhapur
AI searches among these states.
5. Search Tree
A search tree represents all possible solutions.
Example
A / | \ B C D / \ \ E F G
Root Node
↓
Child Nodes
↓
Goal Node
6. Types of Search
A. Uninformed Search (Blind Search)
Definition
Search without any additional knowledge.
AI only knows
- Start
- Goal
Algorithms
- Breadth First Search (BFS)
- Depth First Search (DFS)
- Uniform Cost Search
Example
Searching a house room by room.
B. Informed Search (Heuristic Search)
Definition
Search using extra information.
Algorithms
- Greedy Search
- A* Search
Example
Google Maps
Uses
- Distance
- Traffic
- Estimated Time
to find the best route.
Comparison
| Uninformed Search | Informed Search |
|---|---|
| No extra knowledge | Uses heuristic |
| Slower | Faster |
| Explores more nodes | Explores fewer nodes |
| Example: BFS | Example: A* |
7. What is Reasoning?
Definition
Reasoning is the process of making logical decisions using available knowledge.
Example
Statement 1
All humans are mortal.
Statement 2
Ram is a human.
Conclusion
Ram is mortal.
This is reasoning.
8. Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
General
↓
Specific
Example
All students study.
Manisha is a student.
Therefore,
Manisha studies.
Inductive Reasoning
Specific
↓
General
Example
Today Sun rises.
Yesterday Sun rises.
Last week Sun rises.
Therefore,
Sun rises every day.
Abductive Reasoning
Best possible explanation.
Example
Ground is wet.
Possible reasons
- Rain
- Water Pipe Leakage
- Cleaning
Most likely
Rain.
Comparison
| Reasoning | Direction | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Deductive | General → Specific | Mathematics |
| Inductive | Specific → General | Data Science |
| Abductive | Best Explanation | Medical Diagnosis |
9. Search vs Reasoning
| Search | Reasoning |
|---|---|
| Finds solution | Makes decision |
| Explores states | Uses logic |
| Used in Path Finding | Used in Expert Systems |
| Example: Google Maps | Example: Medical Diagnosis |
10. AI Applications
Search
- Google Maps
- Robot Navigation
- Chess
- Game Playing
- Route Planning
Reasoning
- Medical Diagnosis
- Chatbots
- Recommendation Systems
- Fraud Detection
- Legal Expert Systems
Summary
Artificial Intelligence │ ▼ Search (Finding Solution) │ ▼ Reasoning (Making Decision) │ ▼ Intelligent System
Memory Trick for Students
SEARCH ↓ Find the Best Path Google Maps Chess Robot Navigation ------------------------- REASONING ↓ Think Analyze Decide Medical Diagnosis Expert Systems ChatGPT
0 टिप्पण्या
कृपया तुमच्या प्रियजनांना लेख शेअर करा आणि तुमचा अभिप्राय जरूर नोंदवा. 🙏 🙏